Heart failure. You’ve got the beta blocker, ACEi/ARB, diuretic triad down pat. You know the mechanisms, the literature, and the monitoring. But what happens when those just aren’t enough? Time to turn to mechanics! But don’t worry, there’s plenty of pharmacotherapy to go around…

Heart Failure: Signs and Symptoms

In our last post, we talked about the hemodynamics of HF. We talked about Right and Left HF as well as Systolic and Diastolic HF (now called HFrEF and HFpEF, respectively). Now let’s talk about the Signs and Symptoms of Heart Failure (HF).